Collimating A Newtonian Reflecting Telescope

From Adler Planetarium and Astronomical Museum

After assembling the components of the telescope in the tube, it is necessary collimate (align) the optical componets from best performance.
 
  1. Place the tube in a horizontal position either in its mounting or lying flat on a table.
  2. Stand about ten or fifteen feet from the mouth of the tube and look at the main mirror. If the mirror is approximately square in the tube so that its axis is parallel to the sides it will appear to be circular and one can observe the image of his face in the mirror. If the mirror "sees" only the sides of the tube or presents an elliptical reflection, have an assistant turn the adjustment nuts on the mirror cell until the mirror seems to be square in the tube.
  3. Point the telescope toward an evenly illuminated area such as a light colored wall or the day-time sky. Remove the eyepiece, rack the eyepiece holder out as far as it goes and peer into it, making sure that the eye is centered over the hole. If the telescope is properly collimated it will appear as illuminated in figure 1. If the diagonal mirror is poorly adjusted it will not appear circular and the reflection of the eye will not be centered (see figure 2). Adjust the three screws of the diagonal holder until it appears as in figure 1. If the primary mirror is poorly centerd the reflection of the secondary mirror and its supports will not be symetrical but will appear as in figure 3. Have an assistant turn the three adjustment nuts on the mirror cell until the image is symmetrical as in figure 1.
  4. Repeate step 3. The telescope is now collimated well enough to form an acceptable image, however in order to utilize the best performacne possible the following adjustments on a start must be made.
  5. Select a second or third magnitude star and train the telescope on it using a 24 or 16mm eyepiece. Back the eyepiece about 1/2" out of focus, or until the star image appears as a central dot surrounded by 5 to 10 concentric rings. If conditions of "seeing" are fair and the atmosphere is steady the image will be relatively stationary if the telescope is well aligned the rings will be very concentric as illustrated in figure 4. If not the rings will be off center as in figure 5. Have an assistant adjust the three wing nuts on the mirror cell until the image resembles that in figure 4.
  6. Replace the eyepiece with one from 6 to 12 mm focal length. Repeat step 5. The telescope is now collimated well enough to see many objects very well. If it is desired, however to work with double start to see planetary detail or to see very find detail on the moon it is necessary to collimate the telescope to even a greater degree of accuracy.
  7. Exactly focus a high power eyepiece on a second or third magnitude star. If the air is steady the star image will be an airy disk surrounded by a defraction ring. If the telescope is perfectly collimated the image will resemble firgure 6.

    If it is slightly off center the diffration ring will not be evenly illuminated (see figure 7).
  8. Adjust the nuts on the mirror cell until the ring is of equal brightness. The telescope is now perfectly collimated. It should be checked periodically to see if the collimation has changed.